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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Erasmus Programme</span></span>

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<p>The <b>Erasmus Programme</b> is an educational programme named after <a href="Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a>, combining all the EU's current schemes for education, training, youth and sport. It was created as the European Community Action Scheme for the Mobility of University Students,<sup id="cite_ref-ERASMUS-ProgHist_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ERASMUS-ProgHist-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <a href="European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EU) <a href="Student_exchange_program" title="Student exchange program">student exchange programme</a> established in 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2></div>

<p><a href="Erasmus%2B" title="Erasmus+">Erasmus+</a> is the <a href="European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a>'s programme to support education, training, youth and sport in Europe. The programme involves the 27 EU Member States and 6 non-EU associated countries (North Macedonia, Serbia, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Turkey)<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and will soon include the <a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>. With 55 National Agencies responsible for the decentralised management of most of the programme's actions. Other countries across the world may also participate in certain parts of the programme. The overall responsibility for the programme’s management, direction and evaluation lies with the <a href="European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> (<a href="Directorate-General_for_Education%2C_Youth%2C_Sport_and_Culture" title="Directorate-General for Education, Youth, Sport and Culture">Directorate-General for Education, Youth, Sport and Culture</a>), assisted by its <a href="European_Education_and_Culture_Executive_Agency" title="European Education and Culture Executive Agency">Education, Audio-visual and Culture Executive Agency</a> (EACEA).

</p><p>The objective of Erasmus+ is to promote transnational learning mobility and cooperation, as a mean of improving quality and excellence, supporting inclusion and equity, and boosting innovation in the fields of education, youth and sport. In all these sectors, the aim is to provide support, through <a href="Lifelong_learning" title="Lifelong learning">lifelong learning</a>, for the educational, professional and personal development of participants in Europe and beyond.

</p><p>The programme's objective is pursued through three key actions:

</p>

<ul><li>Key action 1: Learning mobility of individuals</li>

<li>Key action 2: Cooperation among organisations and institutions</li>

<li>Key action 3: Support to policy development and cooperation</li></ul>

<p>Other activities include "Jean Monnet" actions, which support teaching, learning, research and debates on European integration matters, e.g. on the EU's future challenges and opportunities.

</p><p>Full information on the current profile and the activities for which funding within the programme is available can be found in the Erasmus+ Programme Guide.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Launched in 1987, the Erasmus programme was originally established to promote closer cooperation between universities and higher education institutions across Europe. Over time, the programme has expanded and is now referred to as <a href="Erasmus%2B" title="Erasmus+">Erasmus+</a>, or Erasmus Plus, combining the EU's different schemes for transnational cooperation and mobility in education, training, youth and sport in Europe and beyond. The Erasmus+ programme concluded its first funding cycle from 2014 to 2020 and is now in its second cycle, spanning from 2021 to 2027. Noted for its participation among staff, students, young people, and learners across age groups, as of 2021, the programme had engaged over 13 million participants. Its name refers to <a href="Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus of Rotterdam</a>, a leading scholar and inspiring lecturer during the <a href="Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> period who travelled extensively in Europe to teach and study at a number of universities. At the same time, the word "Erasmus" is also an acronym for "European Community Action Scheme for the Mobility of University Students".

</p><p>In 1989, the Erasmus Bureau invited 32 former Erasmus students for an evaluation meeting in <a href="Ghent" title="Ghent">Ghent</a>, <a href="Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>. The lack of peer-to-peer support was singled out as a major issue, but it was also a driving force behind the creation of the <a href="Erasmus_Student_Network" title="Erasmus Student Network">Erasmus Student Network</a>. The organization supports students from the Erasmus programme and other bilateral agreements and cooperates with national agencies in order to help international students. As of 23 July 2020, the Erasmus Student Network consists of 534 local associations ("sections") in 42 countries and has more than 15,000 volunteers across Europe.

</p><p>As of 2014, 27 years after its creation, the programme had promoted the mobility of more than 3.3 million students within the European community. More than 5,000 higher education institutions from 38 countries are participating in the project.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The Erasmus Programme, along with several other independent programmes, was incorporated into the <a href="Socrates_programme" title="Socrates programme">Socrates programme</a> established by the European Commission in 1994. The Socrates programme ended on 31 December 1999 and was replaced with the Socrates II programme on 24 January 2000, which in turn was replaced by the <a href="Lifelong_Learning_Programme_2007%E2%80%932013" title="Lifelong Learning Programme 2007–2013">Lifelong Learning Programme 2007–2013</a> on 1 January 2007.

</p><p>Beside the more popular student mobility (SMS), the <a href="Erasmus%2B" title="Erasmus+">Erasmus+</a> programme promotes the teacher mobility (STA), by which university teachers can spend a short period, for a minimum of 2 teaching days and a maximum of 2 months, teaching at least 8 hours in a foreign partner university. The average and suggested stay is of 5 teaching days.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background_and_history">Background and history</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins_of_the_name">Origins of the name</h3></div>

<p>The programme is named after the Dutch philosopher, theologian, <a href="Renaissance_Humanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Renaissance Humanism">Renaissance Humanist</a>, <a href="Monk" title="Monk">monk</a>, and devout <a href="Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a>, <a href="Desiderius_Erasmus_of_Rotterdam" class="mw-redirect" title="Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam">Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam</a>, called "the crowning glory of the Christian humanists".<sup id="cite_ref-ERASMUS-ProgHist_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ERASMUS-ProgHist-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Erasmus, along with his good friend <a href="Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a>, became one of the main figures of European intellectual life during the Renaissance. Known for his satire, Erasmus urged internal reform of the Catholic Church. He encouraged a recovery of the Catholic <a href="Patristic" class="mw-redirect" title="Patristic">Patristic</a> tradition against what he considered to be contemporary abuses of the <a href="Sacraments" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacraments">Sacraments</a> and certain excessive devotional practices. He famously clashed with Protestant revolutionary <a href="Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> on the subject of <a href="Free_will" title="Free will">free will</a>. ERASMUS is a <a href="Backronym" title="Backronym">backronym</a> meaning <i>European Community Action Scheme for the Mobility of University Students</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-ERASMUS-ProgHist_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ERASMUS-ProgHist-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Erasmus travelled widely across Europe and he was a pioneer of the European <a href="Republic_of_Letters" title="Republic of Letters">Republic of Letters</a>. He was one of the first intellectuals to use as a vehicle of diffusion of his ideas a path-breaking technology, namely the <a href="Movable_type" title="Movable type">movable type</a> and spent a lot of his time inside printing workshops.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The programme's origins can be traced through a series of significant events documented on the official European Commission programme page:

</p>

<ul><li>From 1973 to 1976, the first European-level education action programme was established.</li></ul>

<ul><li>Between 1976 and 1987, the foundations for what would later become Erasmus were laid through the "Joint Study Programme" (JSP) scheme in higher education. The organisation and execution of the JSP was entrusted to the <a href="European_Cultural_Foundation" title="European Cultural Foundation">European Cultural Foundation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This initiative gained traction as more universities and students participated, contributing to the development of mobility, partnership, and joint curricula.</li></ul>

<ul><li>From 1985 to 1987, the "Erasmus" proposal was developed and negotiated. In 1985, the Directorate for Education and Training presented the proposal to the <a href="Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council</a> and <a href="European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a>. The Council officially adopted the "Erasmus" programme on June 15, 1987, and it was officially launched on July 1, 1987. The responsibility for the central operations office of the programme was in the hands of the European Cultural Foundation until 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<p>In 1969, the concept of promoting cultural, social, and academic exchanges among European students was promoted by Italian educator Sofia Corradi, who worked as a scientific consultant to the permanent conference of Italian university rectors. Her advocacy helped bring the idea of student mobility to the attention of academic actors across Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The project was born after an initiative of the EGEE student association (now <a href="AEGEE" class="mw-redirect" title="AEGEE">AEGEE</a>) founded by <a href="Franck_Biancheri" title="Franck Biancheri">Franck Biancheri</a> (who later became president of the trans-European movement <a href="Newropeans" title="Newropeans">Newropeans</a>) which in 1986–1987 convinced French president <a href="Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a> to support the creation of the Erasmus programme.

</p><p>This active collaboration between AEGEE and the European Commission and especially Domenico Lenarduzzi, Ministry of Public Education, allowed the approval of the Erasmus programme in 1987. It became an integral part of the Socrates I (1994–1999) and Socrates II (2000–2006) programmes. From 2007 it became one of the elements of the Lifelong Learning Programme (2007–2013).

</p><p>In June 1984, the European Council decided in Fontainebleau to establish an ad-hoc European citizens' committee with the mission to make proposals to improve the image of the European Union. Each council member would select a member and together they should present a set of proposals to be approved at a future European Council. Under the chairmanship of Pietro Adonnino, the committee presented two successive reports<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that were approved at the Council session in <a href="Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> on the 28–29 of June 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the proposals that were advanced in these reports was the suggestion (to be found in the second report from number 5.6: University Cooperation) that the ministers for education and universities and higher-education establishments

</p>

<ol><li>should establish a cross-frontier cooperation enabling students to pursue part of their studies in an establishment in a member state other than their own;</li>

<li>should implement, a comprehensive European inter-university programme of exchanges and studies aimed at giving this opportunity to a significant section of the EU's student population.</li></ol>

<p>These suggestions were advanced by the Belgian member Prosper Thuysbaert and were discussed and approved by the committee.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1987_European_Commission_proposal">1987 European Commission proposal</h3></div>

<p>By the time the Erasmus Programme was adopted in June 1987, the <a href="European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> had been supporting pilot student exchanges for six years. It proposed the original Erasmus Programme in early 1986, but reaction from the then member states varied: those with substantial exchange programmes of their own (essentially France, Germany and the United Kingdom) were broadly hostile; the remaining countries were broadly in favour. Exchanges between the <a href="Member_state" title="Member state">member states</a> and the <a href="European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> deteriorated, and the latter withdrew the proposal in early 1987 to protest against the inadequacy of the triennial budget proposed by some member states.<sup id="cite_ref-ERASMUS-ProgHist_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ERASMUS-ProgHist-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Court_of_Justice_decision">European Court of Justice decision</h3></div>

<p>This method of voting, a simple majority, was not accepted by some of the opposing member states, who challenged the adoption of the decision before the <a href="European_Court_of_Justice" title="European Court of Justice">European Court of Justice</a>. Although the court held that the adoption was procedurally flawed, it maintained the substance of the decision; a further decision, adapted in the light of the jurisprudence, was rapidly adopted by the <a href="Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Council of the European Union">Council of Ministers</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adoption_and_growth">Adoption and growth</h3></div>

<p>The programme built on the 1981–1986 pilot student exchanges, and although it was formally adopted only shortly before the beginning of the academic year 1987–1988, it was still possible for 3,244 students to participate in Erasmus in its first year. In 2006, over 150,000 students, or almost 1% of the European student population, took part. The proportion is higher among university teachers, where Erasmus teacher mobility is 1.9% of the teacher population in <a href="European_Union" title="European Union">Europe</a>, or 20,877 people.

</p><p>From 1987 to 2006, over two million students benefited from Erasmus grants.<sup id="cite_ref-Survey_of_the_Socio-Economic_Background_of_Erasmus_Students_-_DG_EAC_01/05_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Survey_of_the_Socio-Economic_Background_of_Erasmus_Students_-_DG_EAC_01/05-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2004, the Erasmus Programme was awarded the <a href="Princess_of_Asturias_Awards#Prince_or_Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_International_Cooperation" title="Princess of Asturias Awards">Princess of Asturias Award for International Cooperation</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lifelong_Learning_Programme_2007–2013">Lifelong Learning Programme 2007–2013</h3></div>

<p>After 2007, the <a href="Lifelong_Learning_Programme_2007%E2%80%932013" title="Lifelong Learning Programme 2007–2013">Lifelong Learning Programme 2007–2013</a> replaced the Socrates programme as the overall umbrella under which the Erasmus (and other) programmes operated.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Erasmus_Mundus">Erasmus Mundus</h3></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Erasmus_Mundus" title="Erasmus Mundus">Erasmus Mundus</a></div>

<p>The <a href="Erasmus_Mundus" title="Erasmus Mundus">Erasmus Mundus</a> programme is a parallel programme oriented towards globalising European education and is open to non-Europeans with Europeans being exceptional cases.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citizens'_initiative_for_more_money_2014–2020">Citizens' initiative for more money 2014–2020</h3></div>

<p>In May 2012,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Fraternit%C3%A9_2020" title="Fraternité 2020">Fraternité 2020</a> was registered as Europe's first <a href="European_Citizens'_Initiative" title="European Citizens' Initiative">European Citizens' Initiative</a> and a goal to increase the budget for EU exchange programmes like Erasmus or the <a href="European_Voluntary_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="European Voluntary Service">European Voluntary Service</a> starting in 2014. It ultimately collected only 71,057 signatures from citizens across the EU out of 1 million signatures needed by 1 November 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Erasmus+_Programme_2014–2020">Erasmus+ Programme 2014–2020</h3></div>

<p><a href="Erasmus%2B" title="Erasmus+">Erasmus+</a>, also called Erasmus Plus, has been the new 14.7 billion euro catch-all framework programme for education, training, youth and sport from 2014 to 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Erasmus+ programme combined all the EU's schemes for education, training, youth and sport, including the Lifelong Learning Programme (Erasmus, <a href="Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a>, Comenius, Grundtvig), Youth in Action and five international co-operation programmes (Erasmus Mundus, Tempus, Alfa, Edulink and the programme for co-operation with industrialised countries). The Erasmus+ regulation<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was signed on 11 December 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Erasmus+ provided grants for a wide range of actions including the opportunity for students to undertake work placements abroad and for teachers and education staff to attend training courses. Projects are divided into two parts – formal and non-formal education – each of them with three key actions. Erasmus+ key action one provides an opportunity for teachers, headmasters, trainers and other staff of education institutions to participate in international training courses in different European countries.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The staff home institution must apply to receive the grant to send its staff members abroad for training.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Some parts of Erasmus+ are also open to activities in countries beyond the EU. As an example, in Central Asia's <a href="Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, 40 projects were supported involving 47 Kazakh universities with more than 35.5 million euros.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>With <a href="Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a>, the UK government decision not to participate in Erasmus+ meant UK students (9,993 in 2018) lost access to the Erasmus programme and EU students (29,797 in 2018) lost access to UK universities,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> despite some Conservatives such as <a href="Suella_Braverman" title="Suella Braverman">Suella Braverman</a> having benefitted from it and promises made by then-Prime Minister <a href="Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Boris Johnson</a> that "There is no threat to the ERASMUS scheme."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-brexit_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brexit-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The UK decided to utilise the funds that would have been paid into Erasmus+ to create the <a href="Turing_scheme" title="Turing scheme">Turing scheme</a>, allowing 40,000 students p.a., from age 4 to university age, to gain experience overseas, without being limited to European destinations.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Erasmus+_Programme_2021–2027">Erasmus+ Programme 2021–2027</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Erasmus%2B" title="Erasmus+">Erasmus+</a></div>

<p>On 30 May 2018, the European Commission adopted its proposal for the next Erasmus programme, with a doubling of the budget to 30 billion euros for the period 2021–2027.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further negotiations were expected to take place during the 2019–2024 European parliamentary term with the European Parliament and the European Council before the final programme is adopted.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The agreement between the European Parliament and the European Council was adopted and the publication of the new regulation 2021/817 establishing the new Erasmus+ programme was made on 28 May 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>For the second phase of the programme, the EU has made the commitment to expand Erasmus+ further and to enrich it by introducing a new 'greening' dimension as well as a strong new digital education component. The new greening dimension is designed to contribute to combating climate change and addressing other global challenges including health, while the digital education strand seeks in particular to improve the quality of online education in Europe which has grown considerably in the aftermath of the Covid 19 pandemic. Further transversal priorities for the programme are the commitment to social inclusion and diversity, and to promoting stronger participation in democratic life, common values and civic engagement.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Participation_and_impact_of_the_programme">Participation and impact of the programme</h2></div>

<p>Nearly 14 million people have participated in the Erasmus programme since its creation. The young participants has increased significantly since 1987. Nearly 300,000 a year compared with only 3,244 in 1987. <a href="Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> is the country that has allowed most people to participate in Erasmus with more than 40,000 per year, slightly ahead of <a href="France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and <a href="Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>. The countries receiving the most Erasmus students are Spain with more than 47,000 students and Germany with 32,800.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Erasmus has positively impacted higher education, bringing educational, social, cultural, and economic benefits to institutions. It professionalizes international cooperation, strengthens academic ties, fosters research collaborations, and forms informal networks, creating friendships across borders. The programme has become a valued source of 'soft power' and diplomatic value for participating countries. There are currently more than 4,000 higher institutions participating in Erasmus across the 37 countries. In 2012–13, 270,000 took part, the most popular destinations being Spain, Germany, Italy and France.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Erasmus students represented 5 percent of European graduates as of 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-programme_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-programme-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> EU Member States and third countries associated to the Programme can fully take part in all the Actions of Erasmus+. The third countries associated to the Programme are North Macedonia, Serbia, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Studies have discussed issues related to the selection into the programme and the representativeness of the participants. Some studies have raised doubts about the inclusiveness of the programme, by socio-economic background, level of study, or academic performance. Thus, one study analyses the financial issues and family background of Erasmus students, showing that despite the fact that access to the programme has been moderately widened, there are still important socio-economic barriers to participation in the programme.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another study uncovered what seems to be an adverse self-selection of Erasmus students based on their prior academic performance, with higher-performing students less likely to participate than lower-performing ones. However, this case was based on four hundred graduates in only a Spanish university.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inversely, one study looking in details at French and Italian students found that the primary predictor of participation to Erasmus was students' prior academic records, not the occupation of their parents.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Requirements">Requirements</h3></div>

<p>The Erasmus Programme had previously been restricted to applicants who had completed at least one year of tertiary-level study, but it is now also available to secondary school students. Indeed, non-formal education programmes for adults, can expand opportunities for its students and staff through the development of international partnerships following the priorities of the Programme, such as inclusion and diversity, digital transformation, environment and climate change or participation in democratic life.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Details">Details</h3></div>

<p>Students who join the Erasmus Programme study at least three months or do an internship for a period of at least 2 months to an academic year in another European country. The former case is called a <b>Student Mobility for Studies</b> or <b>SMS</b>, while the latter case is called a <b>Student Mobility of Placement</b> or <b>SMP</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Erasmus Programme guarantees that the period spent abroad is recognised by their university when they come back, as long as they abide by terms previously agreed. <a href="Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> has been suspended as a participant in the Erasmus programme as of 2015, following <a href="Federal_popular_initiative_%22Against_mass_immigration%22" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal popular initiative "Against mass immigration"">the popular vote</a> to limit the immigration of EU citizens into Switzerland. As a consequence, Swiss students will not be able to apply for the programme and European students will not be able to spend time at a Swiss university under that programme.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>A main part of the programme is that students do not pay extra tuition fees to the university that they visit. Students can also apply for an Erasmus grant to help cover the additional expense of living abroad. Students with disabilities can apply for an additional grant to cover extraordinary expenses.

</p><p>To reduce expenses and increase mobility, many students also use the European Commission-supported accommodation network, CasaSwap, FlatClub, Erasmusinn, <a href="Eurasmus" title="Eurasmus">Eurasmus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Erasmate or Student Mundial, which are free websites where students and young people can rent, sublet, offer and swap accommodation – on a national and international basis. A derived benefit is that students can share knowledge and exchange tips and hints with each other before and after going abroad.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impact">Impact</h3></div>

<p>Erasmus has positively impacted higher education, bringing educational, social, cultural, and economic benefits to institutions. It professionalises international cooperation, strengthens academic ties, fosters research collaborations, and forms informal networks, creating friendships across borders. The programme has become a valued source of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-66061-1_4">'soft power'</a> and diplomatic value for participating countries.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>External evaluations and a multitude of personal stories abound from successive generations of participants to confirm the extent to which their "Erasmus experience" provided them not only with enhanced knowledge and competence in their respective fields, but also with a transformative, life-enhancing dimension both in personal terms and for their careers. This is true of all parts of the programme forming the present Erasmus+, though most data is available for higher education.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erasmus_in_the_media_and_popular_culture">Erasmus in the media and popular culture</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_"Erasmus_experience"">The "Erasmus experience"</h3></div>

<p>For many higher education students, the Erasmus Programme is their first time living and studying in another country. Alongside academic study or practical training, the programme fosters learning and understanding of the host country, and the Erasmus experience is considered both a time for learning as well as a chance to socialize and experience a different culture, not to mention self-discovery. In this respect, and thanks to its popularity among students, it has emerged as a contemporary cultural phenomenon, inspiring books and films that explore the Erasmus experience.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Films">Films</h3></div>

<p>Most of the characters in the French-Spanish film <i><a href="L'Auberge_espagnole" title="L'Auberge espagnole">L'Auberge espagnole</a></i> (2002) are enrolled in the programme, which plays a central role in the film.

</p><p>Various documentary films have been produced around the programme, notably the Italian documentary <i>Erasmus 24 7</i><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uyNjJ2KEO4c">Erasmus, notre plus belle année</a> (2017).

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3></div>

<p>The self-finding experiences of Erasmus students in France form the basis for Davide Faraldi's first novel <i>Generazione Erasmus</i> (2008).

</p><p>In <a href="David_Mitchell_(author)" title="David Mitchell (author)">David Mitchell</a>'s 1997 novel <i><a href="Slade_House" title="Slade House">Slade House</a></i>, an Erasmus party is the scene for an important experience for fresher student Sally Timms.

</p><p>Pakistani novelist Nimra Ahmed's novel <i>Jannat K Patte</i> (<i>Leaves of Heaven</i>) is based on the Erasmus programme, where the protagonist Haya goes to <a href="Sabanc%C4%B1_University" title="Sabancı University">Sabancı University</a> in <a href="Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> through <a href="Erasmus_Mundus" title="Erasmus Mundus">Erasmus Mundus</a>, which marks a turning point in her life.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In the novel <i><a href="Normal_People" title="Normal People">Normal People</a></i> (2018) written by Irish author <a href="Sally_Rooney" title="Sally Rooney">Sally Rooney</a> and its <a href="Normal_People_(TV_series)" title="Normal People (TV series)">subsequent adaptation for television</a>, Marianne goes to <a href="Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> via the Erasmus programme.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cafébabel"><i>Cafébabel</i></h3></div>

<p>The online public forum <i>Cafébabel</i> was founded in 2001 by Erasmus exchange programme students, and is headquartered in <a href="Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>. The forum is based on the principle of participatory journalism. As of June 2020 it had over 15,000 contributors as well as a team of professional editors and journalists in Paris, <a href="Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, <a href="Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, <a href="Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a> and <a href="Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Volunteer contributors simultaneously translate the forum into six languages – <a href="French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="German_language" title="German language">German</a>, <a href="Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, <a href="Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> and <a href="Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Erasmus_generation">The Erasmus generation</h2></div>

<p>Some academics have speculated that former Erasmus students will prove to be a powerful force in creating a <a href="Pan-European_identity" title="Pan-European identity">pan-European identity</a>. In 2005, the political scientist <a href="Stefan_Wolff" title="Stefan Wolff">Stefan Wolff</a>, for example, argued that "Give it 15, 20 or 25 years, and Europe will be run by leaders with a completely different socialisation from those of today", referring to the so-called 'Erasmus generation'.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This term describes young <a href="Europeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Europeans">Europeans</a> who participate in Erasmus programme and are assumed to support <a href="European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a> more actively when compared with their elder generations.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The assumption is that young Europeans, who enjoyed the benefits of European integration, think of themselves as European citizens, and therefore create a base of support for further European integration. However, questions are raised about whether there is positive correlation between the programme and pro-European integration.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>According to the former <a href="European_Commissioner_for_Education%2C_Culture%2C_Multilingualism_and_Youth" class="mw-redirect" title="European Commissioner for Education, Culture, Multilingualism and Youth">European Commissioner for Education, Culture, Youth and Sport</a>, <a href="Tibor_Navracsics" title="Tibor Navracsics">Tibor Navracsics</a>, Erasmus programme is a <a href="Soft_power" title="Soft power">soft power</a> tool and it reflects the political motivation behind its creation,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including the task of legitimising the European institutions. This conception has already been presented in the project of <a href="Sofia_Corradi" title="Sofia Corradi">Sofia Corradi</a>, an Italian <a href="Education" title="Education">educationalist</a> who, from the 1960s onwards, promoted the idea of cross-border student mobility and played an important role in raising awareness about the academic benefits of transnational exchanges of the Erasmus Programme. She gives a particular attention to the need to activate an exchange between young people from all over Europe to contribute to the strengthening of its unity and integrity.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>One issue discussed is whether participation in the Erasmus program helps generate more European <a href="Solidarity" title="Solidarity">solidarity</a>. A study carried out by the European Commission in 2010, shows that participating to Erasmus strengthens tolerance. Another issue is whether Erasmus enables the mixing of Europeans.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, more than a quarter of Erasmus participants meet their life partner through it and participation in Erasmus encourages mobility between European countries.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Umberto Eco</a> called it sexual integration.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> estimates that the program has resulted directly in the births of over 1 million children, sometimes called "Erasmus Babies".<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>As to whether Erasmus fosters a sense of European identity the results are mixed. Some research indicates that those participating in Erasmus exchanges are already significantly predisposed to be pro-European,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leading some scholars to conclude that such exchange programmes are 'preaching to the converted'.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, more recent research has criticised the earlier findings for being methodically flawed, relying primarily on the experience of British students and for using relatively small samples. Relying on a larger scale survey conducted on some 1700 students in six countries, Mitchell found that 'participation in an Erasmus exchange is significantly and positively related to changes in both identification as European and identification with Europe'.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, it has also been submitted that the earlier literature confused cause and effect, since the existence of such programmes constitutes a tangible benefit provided by the EU to prospective students interested in going abroad, which may cause them to view the EU positively even prior to participation.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Academic_mobility" title="Academic mobility">Academic mobility</a></li>

<li><a href="Comenius_programme" title="Comenius programme">Comenius programme</a></li>

<li><a href="Swiss-European_Mobility_Programme" title="Swiss-European Mobility Programme">Swiss-European Mobility Programme</a></li>

<li><a href="Erasmus_Student_Network" title="Erasmus Student Network">Erasmus Student Network</a> (ESN) – non-profit European students organisation</li>

<li><a href="Association_des_%C3%89tats_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9raux_des_%C3%89tudiants_de_l'Europe" title="Association des États Généraux des Étudiants de l'Europe">Association des États Généraux des Étudiants de l'Europe</a> (AEGEE) – non-profit European students organisation</li>

<li><a href="European_Students'_Union" title="European Students' Union">European Students' Union</a> (ESU) – non-profit European students organisation</li>

<li><a href="European_Medical_Students'_Association" title="European Medical Students' Association">European Medical Students' Association</a> (EMSA) – non-profit European medical students organisation</li>

<li><a href="European_Students_of_Industrial_Engineering_and_Management" title="European Students of Industrial Engineering and Management">European Students of Industrial Engineering and Management</a> (ESTIEM) – non-profit European students organisation</li>

<li><a href="European_Credit_Transfer_and_Accumulation_System" title="European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System">European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System</a> (ECTS)</li>

<li><a href="European_Higher_Education_Area" title="European Higher Education Area">European Higher Education Area</a></li>

<li><a href="Socrates_Network_for_Translator_Training" title="Socrates Network for Translator Training">Socrates Network for Translator Training</a></li>

<li><a href="University_Mobility_in_Asia_and_the_Pacific" title="University Mobility in Asia and the Pacific">University Mobility in Asia and the Pacific</a></li>

<li><a href="Student_exchange_program" title="Student exchange program">Student exchange programme</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_diplomacy" title="Public diplomacy">Public diplomacy</a></li>

<li><a href="Enhancing_Student_Mobility_through_Online_Support" title="Enhancing Student Mobility through Online Support">Enhancing Student Mobility through Online Support</a></li>

<li><a href="Turing_scheme" title="Turing scheme">Turing scheme</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A31987D0327">"87/327/EEC: Council Decision of 15 June 1987 adopting the European Community Action Scheme for the Mobility of University Students (Erasmus)"</a>. <i>EUR-Lex</i>. Document 31987D0327. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171017151200/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A31987D0327">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-:1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://erasmus-plus.ec.europa.eu/programme-guide/part-a/eligible-countries">"Eligible countries - Erasmus+"</a>. <i>Erasmus+</i>. European Commission<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2025</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://erasmus-plus.ec.europa.eu/erasmus-programme-guide">"Erasmus+ Programme Guide"</a>. <i>Erasmus+</i>. European Commission<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://erasmus-plus.ec.europa.eu/document/higher-education-institutions-holding-an-eche-2021-2027">"Higher education institutions holding an ECHE – 2021–2027"</a>. <i>Erasmus+</i>. European Commission.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBennhold2005" class="citation news cs1">Bennhold, Katrin (26 April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/26/world/europe/quietly-sprouting-a-european-identity.html">"Quietly sprouting: A European identity"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170727215511/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/26/world/europe/quietly-sprouting-a-european-identity.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Iain Wilson, What should we Expect of ‘Erasmus Generations’, <i>Journal of Common Market Studies</i>, Vol.49, No.5, p.1114</span>

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<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Feyen, B. The Making of a Success Story: the Creation of the programme in the Historical Context. in B. Feyen & Krzaklewska (eds.), <i>The Erasmus Phenomenon-Symbol of a New European Generation?</i>(p.22)</span>

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<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/20171218-talking-europe-eu-commissioner-tibor-navracsics-soft-power-european-identity-erasmus-brexit">"Europe's 'soft power': EU Commissioner Tibor Navracsics on European identity"</a>. <i>France 24</i>. 18 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCorradi2015" class="citation book cs1">Corradi, Sofia (2015). <i>Student mobility in higher education Erasmus and Erasmus plus</i>. Rome: Laboratorio di educazione permanente, Dipartimento di scienze della formazione, Università degli Studi Statale Roma tre. pp. <span class="nowrap">19–</span>21. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9788890527326</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/programmes/erasmus-plus/anniversary/spotlight-erasmus-brings-people-together_en">"In the spotlight: Erasmus+ brings people together"</a>. <i>European Commission</i>. 27 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFEuropean_Commission2014" class="citation book cs1">European Commission (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/assets/eac/education/library/study/2014/erasmus-impact_en.pdf"><i>The Erasmus impact study: effects of mobility on the skills and employability of students and the internationalisation of higher education institutions</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. European Union. pp. 14, 70. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-92-79-38380-9</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRiotta" class="citation news cs1">Riotta, Gianni. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jan/26/umberto-eco-culture-war-europa">"Umberto Eco: 'It's culture, not war, that cements European identity'"</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://universitytimes.ie/2021/03/you-wouldnt-exist-without-europe-the-phenomenon-of-erasmus-babies/">"'You Wouldn't Exist Without Europe': The Erasmus Baby Phenomenon"</a>. <i>University Times</i>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2011" class="citation journal cs1">Wilson, I. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/portal/files/14663622/erasmusgenerationsauthorfinal.pdf">"What Should we Expect of 'Erasmus Generations'?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies</i>. <b>49</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">1113–</span>1140. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-5965.2010.02158.x">10.1111/j.1468-5965.2010.02158.x</a>. <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11820%2Ff3b95d45-89dd-445a-b20f-d038b3760bb0">20.500.11820/f3b95d45-89dd-445a-b20f-d038b3760bb0</a></span>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:152860534">152860534</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSigalas2010" class="citation journal cs1">Sigalas, Emmanuel (2010). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1465116510363656">"Cross-border mobility and European identity: The effectiveness of intergroup contact during the ERASMUS year abroad"</a></span>. <i>European Union Politics</i>. <b>11</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">241–</span>265. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1465116510363656">10.1177/1465116510363656</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1465-1165">1465-1165</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145366910">145366910</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKuhn2012" class="citation journal cs1">Kuhn, Theresa (2012). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-5965.2012.02286.x">"Why Educational Exchange Programmes Miss Their Mark: Cross-Border Mobility, Education and European Identity*: Why educational exchange programmes miss their mark"</a></span>. <i>JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies</i>. <b>50</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">994–</span>1010. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-5965.2012.02286.x">10.1111/j.1468-5965.2012.02286.x</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154731420">154731420</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell2015" class="citation journal cs1">Mitchell, Kristine (2015). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jcms.12152">"Rethinking the 'Erasmus Effect' on European Identity: Rethinking the 'Erasmus effect' on European identity"</a></span>. <i>JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies</i>. <b>53</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">330–</span>348. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjcms.12152">10.1111/jcms.12152</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55156492">55156492</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHoogenboom2017" class="citation book cs1">Hoogenboom, Alexander (2017). <i>Balancing student mobility rights and national higher education : autonomy in the European Union</i>. Leiden. pp. <span class="nowrap">72–</span>75. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-90-04-34445-7</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/995162537">995162537</a>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)</span></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li>Benjamin Feyen/Ewa Krzaklewska (eds.): "The ERASMUS Phenomenon – Symbol of a New European Generation?" Peter Lang Publishing, 2013, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-631-62719-8</bdi></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/programmes/erasmus-plus/index_en.htm">Erasmus website of the European Commission</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cafebabel.com/en/">Cafébabel</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://esn.org/">Erasmus Student Network</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://erasmus-plus.ec.europa.eu/resources-and-tools/statistics-and-factsheets/">Statistics Erasmus+ Programme</a></li></ul>

</p>

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</style><div id="Laureates_of_the_Prince_or_Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_International_Cooperation115" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Laureates of the <a href="Princess_of_Asturias_Awards" title="Princess of Asturias Awards">Prince or Princess of Asturias Award</a> for International Cooperation</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#addeff;"><div id="Prince_of_Asturias_Award_for_International_Cooperation54" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>1981: <a href="Jos%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_Portillo" title="José López Portillo">José López Portillo</a></li>

<li>1982: <a href="Enrique_V._Iglesias" title="Enrique V. Iglesias">Enrique V. Iglesias</a></li>

<li>1983: <a href="Belisario_Betancur" title="Belisario Betancur">Belisario Betancur</a></li>

<li>1984: <a href="Contadora_group" title="Contadora group">Contadora group</a></li>

<li>1985: <a href="Ra%C3%BAl_Alfons%C3%ADn" title="Raúl Alfonsín">Raúl Alfonsín</a></li>

<li>1986: <a href="University_of_Salamanca" title="University of Salamanca">University of Salamanca</a> and <a href="University_of_Coimbra" title="University of Coimbra">University of Coimbra</a></li>

<li>1987: <a href="Javier_P%C3%A9rez_de_Cu%C3%A9llar" title="Javier Pérez de Cuéllar">Javier Pérez de Cuéllar</a></li>

<li>1988: <a href="%C3%93scar_Arias" title="Óscar Arias">Óscar Arias</a></li>

<li>1989: <a href="Jacques_Delors" title="Jacques Delors">Jacques Delors</a> and <a href="Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></li>

<li>1990: <a href="Hans-Dietrich_Genscher" title="Hans-Dietrich Genscher">Hans-Dietrich Genscher</a></li>

<li>1991: <a href="United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees</a> (UNHCR)</li>

<li>1992: <a href="F._W._de_Klerk" title="F. W. de Klerk">Frederik W. de Klerk</a> and <a href="Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a></li>

<li>1993: <a href="United_Nations_Protection_Force" title="United Nations Protection Force">United Nations Blue Berets stationed in Ex-Yugoslavia</a></li>

<li>1994: <a href="Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a> and <a href="Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a></li>

<li>1995: <a href="M%C3%A1rio_Soares" title="Mário Soares">Mário Soares</a></li>

<li>1996: <a href="Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Helmut Kohl</a></li>

<li>1997: <a href="Government_of_Guatemala" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Guatemala">Government of Guatemala</a> and the <a href="Guatemalan_National_Revolutionary_Unity" title="Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity">Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity</a></li>

<li>1998: <a href="Emma_Bonino" title="Emma Bonino">Emma Bonino</a>, <a href="Olayinka_Koso-Thomas" title="Olayinka Koso-Thomas">Olayinka Koso-Thomas</a>, <a href="Gra%C3%A7a_Machel" title="Graça Machel">Graça Machel</a>, <a href="Fatiha_Boudiaf" title="Fatiha Boudiaf">Fatiha Boudiaf</a>, <a href="Rigoberta_Mench%C3%BA" title="Rigoberta Menchú">Rigoberta Menchú</a>, Fatana Ishaq Gailani, and <a href="Somaly_Mam" title="Somaly Mam">Somaly Mam</a></li>

<li>1999: <a href="Pedro_Duque" title="Pedro Duque">Pedro Duque</a>, <a href="John_Glenn" title="John Glenn">John Glenn</a>, <a href="Chiaki_Mukai" title="Chiaki Mukai">Chiaki Mukai</a>, and <a href="Valeri_Polyakov" title="Valeri Polyakov">Valeri Polyakov</a></li>

<li>2000: <a href="Fernando_Henrique_Cardoso" title="Fernando Henrique Cardoso">Fernando Henrique Cardoso</a></li>

<li>2001: <a href="International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></li>

<li>2002: The <a href="Scientific_Committee_on_Antarctic_Research" title="Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research">Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research</a></li>

<li>2003: <a href="Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva</a></li>

<li>2004: The European Union's </li>

<li>2005: <a href="Simone_Veil" title="Simone Veil">Simone Veil</a></li>

<li>2006: <a href="Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation">Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation</a></li>

<li>2008: Manhiça Centre of Health Research (Mozambique), <a href="Ifakara_Health_Institute" title="Ifakara Health Institute">Ifakara Health Institute</a> (Tanzania), Malaria Research and Training Centre (Mali), and Kintampo Health Research Centre (Ghana)</li>

<li>2009: <a href="World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a></li>

<li>2010: The Transplantation Society and the Spanish <a href="National_Transplant_Organization" title="National Transplant Organization">National Transplant Organization</a></li>

<li>2011: <a href="Bill_Drayton" title="Bill Drayton">Bill Drayton</a></li>

<li>2012: <a href="International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement" title="International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement">International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement</a></li>

<li>2013: <a href="Max_Planck_Society" title="Max Planck Society">Max Planck Society</a> for the Advancement of Science</li>

<li>2014: <a href="Fulbright_Program" title="Fulbright Program">Fulbright Program</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#addeff;"><div id="Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_International_Cooperation56" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Princess of Asturias Award for International Cooperation</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>2015: <a href="Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a></li>

<li>2016: <a href="United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change" title="United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change">United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change</a> and the <a href="Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a></li>

<li>2017: The <a href="Hispanic_Society_of_America" title="Hispanic Society of America">Hispanic Society of America</a></li>

<li>2018: <a href="Amref_Health_Africa" title="Amref Health Africa">Amref Health Africa</a></li>

<li>2019: <a href="Sal_Khan" title="Sal Khan">Salman Khan</a> and the <a href="Khan_Academy" title="Khan Academy">Khan Academy</a></li>

<li>2020: <a href="GAVI" title="GAVI">Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance</a></li>

<li>2021: <a href="Camfed" title="Camfed">Camfed, Campaign for Female Education</a></li>

<li>2022: <a href="Ellen_MacArthur" title="Ellen MacArthur">Ellen MacArthur</a></li>

<li>2023: <a href="Drugs_for_Neglected_Diseases_Initiative" title="Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative">Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative</a> (DNDi)</li>

<li>2024: <a href="Organization_of_Ibero-American_States" title="Organization of Ibero-American States">Organization of Ibero-American States for Education, Science and Culture</a> (OEI)</li>

<li>2025: <a href="Mario_Draghi" title="Mario Draghi">Mario Draghi</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Europe_articles591" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Europe_articles591" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> <a href="Outline_of_Europe" title="Outline of Europe">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="History_of_Europe" title="History of Europe">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Chronology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bibliography_of_European_history" title="Bibliography of European history">Bibliography of European history</a></li>

<li><a href="Prehistoric_Europe" title="Prehistoric Europe">Prehistory</a></li>

<li><a href="Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a></li>

<li><a href="Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li>

<li><a href="Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li>

<li><a href="Early_modern_Europe" title="Early modern Europe">Early modernity</a></li>

<li><a href="World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li>

<li><a href="World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li>

<li><a href="Pax_Europaea" title="Pax Europaea">Pax Europaea</a></li>

<li><a href="Crisis_situations_and_unrest_in_Europe_since_2000" title="Crisis situations and unrest in Europe since 2000">Crisis situations and unrest since 2000</a></li>

<li><a href="COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Europe">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Military_history_of_Europe" title="Military history of Europe">Military</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_sovereign_states_by_date_of_formation#Europe" title="List of sovereign states by date of formation">Sovereignty</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_predecessors_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe" title="List of predecessors of sovereign states in Europe">predecessor states</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Geography_of_Europe" title="Geography of Europe">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Area_and_population_of_European_countries" title="Area and population of European countries">Areas and populations</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_European_countries_by_area" title="List of European countries by area">Countries by area</a>

<ul><li><a href="European_microstates" title="European microstates">European microstates</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_Europe" title="List of metropolitan areas in Europe">Largest metropolitan areas</a></li>

<li><a href="Lists_of_cities_in_Europe" title="Lists of cities in Europe">Cities</a></li>

<li><a href="Climate_of_Europe" title="Climate of Europe">Climate</a></li>

<li><a href="Climate_change_in_Europe" title="Climate change in Europe">Climate change</a></li>

<li><a href="Extreme_points_of_Europe" title="Extreme points of Europe">Extreme points</a></li>

<li><a href="Geology_of_Europe" title="Geology of Europe">Geology</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_islands_of_Europe" title="List of islands of Europe">Islands</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_lakes#Europe" title="List of lakes">Lakes</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_mountain_ranges#Europe" title="List of mountain ranges">Mountains</a></li>

<li><a href="Regions_of_Europe" title="Regions of Europe">Regions</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_rivers_of_Europe" title="List of rivers of Europe">Rivers</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Europe" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe">Sovereign states and dependent territories</a>

<ul><li><a href="Demographics_of_Europe#Population_by_country" title="Demographics of Europe">by population</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_villages_in_Europe" title="List of villages in Europe">Villages</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Politics_of_Europe" title="Politics of Europe">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Eurosphere" title="Eurosphere">Eurosphere</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_European_countries_by_membership_in_international_organisations" title="List of European countries by membership in international organisations">International organisations</a></li>

<li><a href="European_integration" title="European integration">Integration</a></li>

<li><a href="Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">Post-Soviet Europe</a></li>

<li><a href="Transatlantic_relations" title="Transatlantic relations">Transatlantic relations</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Intergovernmental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)</a></li>

<li><a href="Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe (CoE)</a></li>

<li><a href="Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">Collective Security Treaty Organisation (CSTO)</a></li>

<li><a href="Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU)</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Political_Community" title="European Political Community">European Political Community (EPC)</a></li>

<li><a href="GUAM_Organization_for_Democracy_and_Economic_Development" title="GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development">GUAM Organization</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_Balkan" title="Open Balkan">Open Balkan</a></li>

<li><a href="NATO" title="NATO">North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)</a></li>

<li><a href="Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)</a>

<ul><li><a href="Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe_statistics" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe statistics">statistics</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Organization_of_the_Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation" title="Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation">Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Economy_of_the_European_Union" title="Economy of the European Union">Economy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Third-country_economic_relationships_with_the_European_Union" title="Third-country economic relationships with the European Union">relations</a></li>

<li><a href="Free_trade_agreements_of_the_European_Union" title="Free trade agreements of the European Union">free trade agreements</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Educational_policies_and_initiatives_of_the_European_Union" title="Educational policies and initiatives of the European Union">Education</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">European Economic Area (EEA)</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Neighbourhood_Policy" title="European Neighbourhood Policy">European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP)</a>

<ul><li><a href="Eastern_Partnership" title="Eastern Partnership">Eastern Partnership</a></li>

<li><a href="Euronest_Parliamentary_Assembly" title="Euronest Parliamentary Assembly">Euronest Parliamentary Assembly</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="European_Union_Customs_Union" title="European Union Customs Union">European Union Customs Union (EUCU)</a></li>

<li><a href="Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a></li>

<li><a href="Foreign_relations_of_the_European_Union" title="Foreign relations of the European Union">Foreign relations</a></li>

<li><a href="Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">Members</a>

<ul><li><a href="Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Potential enlargement of the European Union">enlargement</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Politics_of_the_European_Union" title="Politics of the European Union">Politics</a></li>

<li><a href="Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a>

<ul><li><a href="Visa_policy_of_the_Schengen_Area" title="Visa policy of the Schengen Area">Visa policy</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="European_Union_statistics" title="European Union statistics">Statistics</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Economy_of_Europe" title="Economy of Europe">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Economic_history_of_Europe_(1000_AD%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Europe (1000 AD–present)">History</a></li>

<li><a href="Financial_and_social_rankings_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe" title="Financial and social rankings of sovereign states in Europe">Financial (and social) rankings</a></li>

<li><a href="Free_trade_areas_in_Europe" title="Free trade areas in Europe">Free trade areas</a></li>

<li><a href="Energy_in_Europe" title="Energy in Europe">Energy</a></li>

<li><a href="Telecommunications_in_the_European_Union" title="Telecommunications in the European Union">Telecommunications</a></li>

<li><a href="Transport_in_Europe" title="Transport in Europe">Transport</a>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Intergovernmental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Central_European_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Central European Free Trade Agreement">Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA)</a></li>

<li><a href="Customs_Union_of_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Customs Union of the Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Customs Union (EACU)</a></li>

<li><a href="Eurasian_Economic_Community" title="Eurasian Economic Community">Eurasian Economic Community (EAEC)</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Free_Trade_Association" title="European Free Trade Association">European Free Trade Association (EFTA)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Sovereign states by</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_European_countries_by_average_wage" title="List of European countries by average wage">Average wage</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_budget_revenues" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by budget revenues">Budget revenues</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_budget_revenues_per_capita" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by budget revenues per capita">per capita</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (nominal)">GDP (nominal)</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (nominal) per capita">per capita</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (PPP) per capita">per capita</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GNI_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GNI (nominal) per capita">GNI (nominal) per capita</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GNI_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GNI (PPP) per capita">GNI (PPP) per capita</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_European_countries_by_number_of_Internet_users" title="List of European countries by number of Internet users">Internet users (%)</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_European_countries_by_minimum_wage" title="List of European countries by minimum wage">Minimum wage</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_Press_Freedom_Index" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by Press Freedom Index">Press Freedom Index</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_unemployment_rate" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by unemployment rate">Unemployment rate (%)</a></li>

<li><a href="European_countries_by_health_expense_per_person" title="European countries by health expense per person">Health expense per capita</a></li>

<li><a href="European_countries_by_military_expenditure_as_a_percentage_of_government_expenditure" title="European countries by military expenditure as a percentage of government expenditure">Military spending (%)</a></li>

<li><a href="European_countries_by_percentage_of_urban_population" title="European countries by percentage of urban population">Urban population (%)</a></li>

<li><a href="European_countries_by_electricity_consumption_per_person" title="European countries by electricity consumption per person">Electricity use per capita</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ages_of_consent_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ages of consent in Europe">Ages of consent</a></li>

<li><a href="Etiquette_in_Europe" title="Etiquette in Europe">Etiquette</a></li>

<li><a href="Financial_and_social_rankings_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe" title="Financial and social rankings of sovereign states in Europe">Social (and financial) rankings</a></li>

<li><a href="Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">Languages</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_endangered_languages_in_Europe" title="List of endangered languages in Europe">endangered</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Legal_status_of_tattooing_in_European_countries" title="Legal status of tattooing in European countries">Tattooing</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_European_universities" title="History of European universities">Universities</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bologna_Process" title="Bologna Process">Bologna Process</a></li>

</ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Culture_of_Europe" title="Culture of Europe">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Western_painting" title="Western painting">painting</a></li>

<li><a href="Sculpture#Europe" title="Sculpture">sculpture</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="History_of_architecture#Europe" title="History of architecture">Architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Capital_of_Culture" title="European Capital of Culture">Capital of Culture</a></li>

<li><a href="Cinema_of_Europe" title="Cinema of Europe">Cinema</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_film_festivals_in_Europe" title="List of film festivals in Europe">film festivals</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Classical_music" title="Classical music">Classical music</a></li>

<li><a href="European_cuisine" title="European cuisine">Cuisine</a></li>

<li><a href="European_dances" title="European dances">Dance</a></li>

<li><a href="European_folklore" title="European folklore">Folklore</a></li>

<li><a href="Western_literature" title="Western literature">Literature</a></li>

<li><a href="Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Philosophy</a></li>

<li><a href="Religion_in_Europe" title="Religion in Europe">Religion</a>

<ul><li><a href="Christianity_in_Europe" title="Christianity in Europe">Christianity</a></li>

<li><a href="Islam_in_Europe" title="Islam in Europe">Islam</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_Jews_in_Europe" title="History of the Jews in Europe">Judaism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Sport_in_Europe" title="Sport in Europe">Sport</a></li>

<li><a href="Symbols_of_Europe" title="Symbols of Europe">Symbols</a> (<a href="Armorial_of_Europe" title="Armorial of Europe">Armorial</a>, <a href="Flags_of_Europe" title="Flags of Europe">Flags</a>)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Demographics_of_Europe" title="Demographics of Europe">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ageing_of_Europe" title="Ageing of Europe">Ageing</a></li>

<li><a href="European_countries_by_percent_of_population_aged_0-14" title="European countries by percent of population aged 0-14">Childhood population (%)</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">Ethnic groups</a>

<ul><li><a href="Genetic_history_of_Europe" title="Genetic history of Europe">genetic history</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Immigration_to_Europe" title="Immigration to Europe">Immigration</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_European_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of European countries by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_European_regions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of European regions by life expectancy">by region</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Retirement_in_Europe" title="Retirement in Europe">Retirement</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="Outline_of_Europe" title="Outline of Europe">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="Outline_of_Europe" title="Outline of Europe">Index</a></span></li></ul></div>

<ul><li>Category</li>

<li><a href="Portal%3AEurope" title="Portal:Europe">Portal</a></li>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254168#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1178" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254168#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1178" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000123238095">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/129815896">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/84976-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2018034059">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Program Erasmus"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kn20061114005&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007511399805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/group/ba613533-5e52-4fc1-af1d-ea007de9f461">Yale LUX</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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